See grave in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "grave"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "grave"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "grave"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "gravelle"
},
{
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "gravele"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "gravel"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "grauel"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "gravele"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":der",
"3": "la-med:grava<ety:from<la-med:gravō>>",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us\nProto-Italic *gʷraus\nLatin gravis\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nMedieval Latin gravō\nMedieval Latin gravader.\nOld French grave\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"heavy\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"heavy\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"heavy\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"heavy\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷreh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"Caland system\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷréh₂us\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷraus\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"gravis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ājō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āō\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"gravō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"grava\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"grave\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }\" data-lang=\"fro\" data-title=\"grave\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "grava"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin grava",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*grawa"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *grawa",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*grāwā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *grāwā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰr-eu-d-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰr-eu-d-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us\nProto-Italic *gʷraus\nLatin gravis\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nMedieval Latin gravō\nMedieval Latin gravader.\nOld French grave\nFrom Medieval Latin grava, from Gaulish *grawa, *growa, from Proto-Celtic *grāwā, related to Cornish grow (“gravel”), Breton grouan, and Welsh gro (“gravel”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰr-eu-d-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grave oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "graves",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "graves",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "greve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "grave oblique singular, f (oblique plural graves, nominative singular grave, nominative plural graves)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gravel"
],
"id": "en-grave-fro-noun-NrJpDd01",
"links": [
[
"gravel",
"gravel"
]
]
}
],
"word": "grave"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "grave"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "grave"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "grave"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "gravelle"
},
{
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "gravele"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "gravel"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "grauel"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "gravele"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":der",
"3": "la-med:grava<ety:from<la-med:gravō>>",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us\nProto-Italic *gʷraus\nLatin gravis\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nMedieval Latin gravō\nMedieval Latin gravader.\nOld French grave\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"heavy\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"heavy\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"heavy\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"heavy\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷreh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"Caland system\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷréh₂us\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷraus\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"gravis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ājō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āō\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"gravō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"grava\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"grave\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }\" data-lang=\"fro\" data-title=\"grave\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "grava"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin grava",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*grawa"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *grawa",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*grāwā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *grāwā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰr-eu-d-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰr-eu-d-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us\nProto-Italic *gʷraus\nLatin gravis\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nMedieval Latin gravō\nMedieval Latin gravader.\nOld French grave\nFrom Medieval Latin grava, from Gaulish *grawa, *growa, from Proto-Celtic *grāwā, related to Cornish grow (“gravel”), Breton grouan, and Welsh gro (“gravel”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰr-eu-d-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grave oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "graves",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "graves",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "greve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "grave oblique singular, f (oblique plural graves, nominative singular grave, nominative plural graves)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with etymology trees",
"Old French entries with etymon",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French feminine nouns",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Gaulish",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Old French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷreh₂-",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks"
],
"glosses": [
"gravel"
],
"links": [
[
"gravel",
"gravel"
]
]
}
],
"word": "grave"
}
Download raw JSONL data for grave meaning in Old French (7.0kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'grave oblique singular or', originally 'grave oblique singular or f'",
"path": [
"grave"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "grave",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'grave oblique singular or', originally 'grave oblique singular or f'",
"path": [
"grave"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "grave",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['feminine', 'canonical']: 'grave oblique singular or' in 'grave oblique singular, f (oblique plural graves, nominative singular grave, nominative plural graves)'",
"path": [
"grave"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "grave",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.